Deuteronomy was written by someone that scholars call “D.” It was not written by Moses.

• Why couldn’t it have been written by Moses? Because it was written around 600-700 BCE and Moses lived somewhere around 1300 BCE. Scholars were able to estimate the date because in 2 Kings there is a story about finding a “book of the law” during the reign of king Josiah – a real king who reigned in that 600-700 BCE time period.

• What is significant about Deuteronomy? It contains page after page of laws to live by. In theory these laws were dictated by Moses. But there’s a problem in that some of the laws in Deuteronomy differ from the laws as dictated by Moses in other parts of the Bible. The priests who ultimately put together the first five books of the Old Testament solved this by giving “D” his own book, saying it was the second giving of the law by Moses.

• What are some of the laws that are different in Deuteronomy? The most significant one is that the main worship needs to be in central place (i.e. Jerusalem). That solidified the Jewish religious hierarchy with Jerusalem as the center. Here are some other interesting ones:
  • First born males are to be offered to God.
  • Debt relief in seventh year.
  • Newly-married women are not to be slandered (22:13-21)
  • No religious prostitution. (23:17-18)
  • Women are to be modest. (25:11-12)

• Bonus bullet. What are some of the laws that are similar to other parts of the Bible?
  • No human sacrifice.
  • No disfiguring yourself during mourning.
  • Lists of clean and unclean animals.
  • No eating of roadkill (Deut 14:21)
  • No marrying your step-mother (22:30)

The Chief Editor offered the above lists without commentary. The readers may supply their own.

This one was too fun to resist. We ran across a discussion in the Ehrman blog about whether Jesus and Mary Magdalene were married or lovers. This was the major premise in the best-selling novel The DaVinci Code.

• What’s the reference that started this debate? The passage in question comes from one of those texts found in 1945 in a place in Egypt called Nag Hammadi (it’s different from the Dead Sea scrolls). The text is called the Gospel of Philip. It’s a difficult text to read because a lot of it is mystical and poetic. Plus there are gaps in the scroll which cannot be deciphered. But here’s the verse that was cited in the Dan Brown book:  And the companion of the {{gap in the manuscript}} Mary Magdalene. {{gap in the manuscript}} her more than {{gap}} the disciples {{gap}} kiss her {{gap}} on her {{gap in the manuscript!}}.

• A little language challenge. Also in Philip, there is another verse that says, “There were three who always walked with the lord: Mary his mother and her sister and Magdalene, the one who was called his companion.  His sister and his mother and his companion were each a Mary.” The DaVinci Code mistakenly says that the Aramaic word used in that text means ‘spouse.’ The problem with that logic is that Philip was written in an Egyptian language called Coptic. Oops. In Coptic it literally just means ‘companion.’ 

• What did the author really mean? The evidence from the text is inconclusive. But at a minimum it indicates that Jesus favored Mary Magdalene more than the other disciples … married or not. Ya think that caused some consternation among those other 12 men who were already arguing about which of them would get to sit next to Jesus in heaven?

There’s more. We’ll continue next week.

Question of the week:  We had one of our readers ask this week if there were any books written during the life of Jesus. And correspondingly, how do we know when the books of the New Testament were written.

We will try to condense the rationale on the dating. It’s really difficult to pinpoint dates unless the writer talks about specific people (e.g. Pontius. Pilate) or an event (e.g. the destruction of the Jewish Temple in the 70s CE). But here goes. 
First, Jesus died around 30 CE. The stories around his life and death were likely all oral traditions in Aramaic.

Paul’s letters were written in the 50s CE. He makes no mention of any written works about Jesus. So that seems to indicate the first works had to be written after Paul’s death around 60 CE. With that prelude:

• Mark.  Most scholars believe Mark was the first book written. And they date it prior to 70 CE because the author does not talk about the destruction of the Temple (in the 70s CE). So it seems likely this book was written after Paul’s letters and before the Temple was destroyed.

• Matthew and Luke both refer to the destruction of Jerusalem. So they must have been written after 70 CE. They also appear to have lifted (copied/plagiarized?) some of the stories written in Mark.

• John is probably the most difficult to pinpoint. It contains different stories from the other three Gospels. And it contains a theological development that is more evolved than the other three (and is also more evolved than the 3BT Chief Editor’s ability to summarize). Some scholars argue that it could have been written sometime in the early second century. But most have settled on around 90 CE.

And to put a book-end on the latest probable date, A guy named Justin Martyr made the first allusion to Memoirs from the Apostles in 150 CE. But even then he does not call them Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. Unfortunately, we do not have any actual scrolls or books dated in the first century. But scholars think that Justin Marty’s reference must mean that by 150 CE, the four gospels were likely compiled.

Question of the week:  Was there really a Star of Bethlehem?

This week we were reading another article by Bishop Spong. This time Spong talked about a reputable astronomer who was arguing that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a real astronomical phenomenon. Spong, in his usual manner, said the astronomer was missing the point of the stories on the gospels — there was no real star of Bethlehem, but that does not make the story any less meaningful. Here’s three bullet points on this:

• Matthew is the only gospel that mentions the star. The other gospel with a birth story, Luke, has angels but no star. And Mark, the first gospel, has no birth story at all. Remember that all the stories of Jesus were written down well after the events took place, with Matthew’s version written 80 years after the birth of Jesus.
• Why was this written into Matthew? Matthew was writing to a Jewish audience. This audience would have appreciated both a lineage back to David (talked about in a previous 3BT) and the symbolism of the star in signifying important Jewish events. Stars were used to introduce the births of significant figures. Abraham, Isaac, and Moses were all connected with stars.
• What else does Matthew change? He moves the birth city from Nazareth (which is where Mark says Jesus was from) to Bethlehem. Why? Again, it is because of the connection of Bethlehem back to King David and his Jewish audience.

This does not make the story any less insightful or symbolic. But in order to appreciate the richness of the stories, it helps to understand the viewpoint from which they were written.

Next week:  Did you know there is a recently-discovered Gospel of Judas?